Note that the iambic pentameter Macbeth characteristically speaks in is disrupted at several points in this speech. Come, let me clutch thee. Elizabethan audiences would have been repulsed by Lady Macbeth's raw ambition and reversal of traditional sex roles. In this shocking rebuke, Lady Macbeth attacks her husband's manhood. Now, I see, tis true. Required fields are marked *. Why does Macbeth kill King Duncans two chamberlains? The common belief was that powers of good and evil remained in constant conflict to take control of the souls of people. "so fair and foul a day I have not seen"- Macbeth, Act 1 Scene 3. Renew your subscription to regain access to all of our exclusive, ad-free study tools. Like a horse spurred to leap too high, this much ambition can only result in downfall. This shows a natural aftermath perspective on Macbeth from King Duncan especially after Macbeth's loyal deeds to him. This makes Macbeth believe that no man can of woman born can ever defeat him. Lo!How say you? Witches, as elements of the supernatural, were, of course, on the side of evil. Macbeth thus expresses anxiety and paranoia that he is unsafe in the position, which ultimately leads to his decisions to have more potential inheritors murdered. By pairing opposites, the witches disrupt the natural order. A seventh! If you don't see it, please check your spam folder. After all, trying to make sense of supernatural solicitings, it seems, can often bring more ill than good. ("They pluck out mine eyes.") In agony, he cries that he wants to see no more, but he continues to see/That two-fold balls and treble scepters carry, that horrible sight! Looking at war poetry (II): Wilfred Owens Exposure and Ted Hughes Bayonet Charge, Click to share on WhatsApp (Opens in new window), Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window), Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window), Click to email a link to a friend (Opens in new window), The supernatural in Macbeth: 3 key ideas (with quotes, analysis & video). But, on reflection, he questions the practicality of such an action. In a metrical pattern called a spondee, she strings together syllables that have equal weight: Out-damned-spot-out. Sleepwalking, she wrings her hands and babbles about the stain of so much spilled blood. Out, out, brief candle! Macbeth is introduced in the play only after the three witches utter, "a drum, a drum! You can find out more about our use, change your default settings, and withdraw your consent at any time with effect for the future by visiting Cookies Settings, which can also be found in the footer of the site. Since each one-syllable word is equally stressed, the emotional tension is heightened. How does the Witches prophecy about Banquo come true? But if that's the casethen why does good triumph at the end? The dagger, of course, cannot respond. Macbeth eventually decides he will show his "Black and deep desires" (1. It means what is fair to the witches is foul to man. Implying to an audience that there is most definitely some form of supernatural power involved. Again, if we contrast Macbeths questions against Banquos, well realise that Macbeth asks epistemological questions (and as such, tacitly accepts the Witches existence), whereas his companion is much more concerned with the ontological status of these Witches (i.e. What is thisThat rises like the issue of a king,And wears upon his baby-brow the roundAnd top of sovereignty? Macbeth is lying about his motives, but his sense of horror may be genuine. This is lady Macbeth requesting evil spirits, maybe conjoured by the witches, to aid her and Macbeth in there attempt to seize power. Come to my woman's breastsAnd take my milk for gall, you murdering ministers,Wherever in your sightless substancesYou wait on nature's mischief. He brags that his mind and courage will never falter. Fie, my, lord, fie! One interesting counterpoint to examine is Trevor Nunns 1979 RSC production of the play, in which Banquos ghost isnt shown on stage, and so the audience is forced to consider Macbeths reaction not as a response to paranormality, but as a psychological projection of his own fears, of the strange things I have in head (3.4). For example, in Act 1 Scene 3, the Witches vanish despite his order for them to divulge more about their prophecy (Speak, I charge you), and in Act 4 Scene 1, he is told that the visions will not be commanded, and that he should Listen, but speak not tot. Early on in the play, we already see Macbeth at the mercy of forces he can't control or command. 2023 Shmoop University Inc | All Rights Reserved | Privacy | Legal. "If it were done when tis done, then twere well / It were done quickly.". Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. Copyright 1999 - 2023 GradeSaver LLC. Sometimes a chestnut isn't just a chestnut, if you know what we mean. if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[300,250],'englishsummary_com-medrectangle-3','ezslot_1',654,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-englishsummary_com-medrectangle-3-0'); Their presence is more involving to the entire plot because apart from Macbeth, Banquo can also see them. 3.0 / 5 based on 4 ratings. By the end of the speech, he seems to have decided against the murder, but his wife will soon talk him back into it. Macbeth speaks this line after he has become king, but continues to feel restless and insecure. "To be thus is nothing, but to be safely thus.". What man dare, I dare:Approach thou like the rugged Russian bear,The armd rhinoceros, or the Hyrcan tiger;Take any shape but that, and my firm nervesShall never tremble: or be alive again,And dare me to the desert with thy sword;If trembling I inhabit then, protest meThe baby of a girl. Let not light see my black and deep desires.". In this post, then, Id like to analyse how Shakespeare presents the supernatural in this Scottish play, and perhaps inspire you all with some ideas on this popular theme. a soldier, and afeard? But Macbeth also admits that because of their prediction, hes already begun to fantasize about killing King Duncan and taking the throne. (Oh, but those chestnuts? Everything is strangely reversed. Come, / come, come, come, give me your hand. The four troublemakers provide Macbeth with the motivation and confidence he needs to kill Duncan and perform other dark actions. Dr. Jackie Craven has over 20 years of experience writing about architecture and the arts. Shakespeare's Macbeth validates how, just like in real life, one's faith in and interpretation of the prevalent supernatural contributes to their actions and beliefs. Macbeth sees a dagger before his eyes. Amidst thunder and lightening, three witches moan into the wind. This speech adds depth to Lady Macbeth's character while foreshadowing her formidable behavior for the rest of the play. "Out, damned spot! This instance marks the first time that Macbeth has a hallucination, suggesting his descent into stress-induced madness. they pluck out mine eyes. A fourth! In my post on the 3 culprits behind Macbeths fall, I argue that the supernatural in Macbeth is largely a dramatic device for Shakespeare to magnify his protagonists hamartia (fatal flaw). In other words, is she herself a witch of some kind? Upon hearing the Witches' prophecy, Macbeth seems happy to let fate run its course, this And yet your beards forbid me to interpretThat you are so. I tell you yet again, Banquo's buried; he. The first thing to notice about Macbeth is his natural affinity to the Witches. The only issue, though, is that hes being confronted with a force that most men wouldnt dare, and so the implication of his claim isnt so much the firmness of his courage, but rather, its crippling limitations . One of the greatest ironies in this play is Macbeths powerlessness upon gaining power. he is skeptical about the very notion of the Witches existence). FIRST WITCHHe knows thy thought:Hear his speech, but say thou nought. To bed, to bed, to bed! If not, you should! Thus, with so much emphasis on consequence, Macbeth. In the words of another Shakespearean play Othello, Macbeth is led by the nose as asses are (allusion) through the hocus-pocus shenanigans of Hecate and her sisters, who first bait him with the possibility of kingship, then mock this great king while he grovels in the anguish of guilt and unknowing. Macbeth Quotations and Analysis. "fair is foul and foul is fair"- witches, Act 1 Scene 1. But it's the hard-hearted Lady Macbeth who eventually collapses under the weight of guilt, and she is the one who gives this monologue. Without the knowledge that his lineage will continue after him, Macbeth finds it meaningless to be king. Macbeth needs confirmation of kingship and reassurance of power, so he seeks out the Three Witches, whose concocted vision only drives him faster towards his tragic end. Let the earth hide thee! Its also worth considering why Shakespeare had chosen to resurrect Banquo but not Duncan, which would seem to make more dramatic sense and grant a greater degree of theatrical satisfaction (after all, itd be poetic justice for a murdered King to return and confront his betrayer). They help construct the play and without them it would have been a totally different story line. Macbeth Supernatural Quotes A Limaj_lra 8 Here you guys go for the aqa gcse Macbeth quote sheet on the supernatural aspect of the play, with context and some analysis. Many actors when performing it on stage are too superstitious to use the real name, and call it " The Scottish play" instead believing that this way they will avoid bad luck being brought on . can seem comical to modern readers. One: two: why, then, 'tis time to do't. She believes that her husband is "too full o' the milk of human kindness" (Act I, Scene 5) to kill the king. Macbeth's first line reflects this. 157-159) Macbeth's arrogance is made apparent with the immediacy of his thoughts of becoming king and it is clear that the supernatural has given him arrogant ambition as Macbeth is already beginning to think of how he will be crowned king. (3.5.2-13). on 50-99 accounts. He hears a knocking at the gate to the castle, and thinks it must be his doom coming to claim him. Will all great Neptune's ocean wash this blood, Clean from my hand? Macbeth is very ambitious; there's no doubt about this. After asking to be stripped of her femininity, Lady Macbeth appears to have gotten her wish as she delivers this disturbing but telling speech. Speak, I charge you. / By Sinel's death I know I am thane of Glamis. Lady Macbeth's distraught words have been used in advertisements for products ranging from household cleaners to acne medicines. You should be women, (1.3.15-27), All the sailor's wife did was refuse to share her chestnuts, and now the sisters are going to make him impotent and infertile. Characters: Witches Themes: Supernatural, FateTrochaic Tetrameter - lends a mysterious tone and sounds as if a spell is being cast.. Macbeth, however, assumes even before the Witches have spoken to him that they possess human faculties, which we can infer from his commands for them to speak and his addressing them as imperfect speakers. Hope this helps, and thanks for reading! "Thy bones are marrowless, thy blood is cold / Thou hast no speculation in those eyes.". For the best experience on our site, be sure to turn on Javascript in your browser. out, I say! Character: Macbeth. Shakespeare uses the ghost in a supernatural tone to unsettle Macbeth from the leftovers of his ambitious strength. This is where we come to understand the supernatural side to the real happenings in the play. Macbeths realization of the great evil he has done, which has brought about his wifes death, influences this speech as well. Fate or choices; it is often argued which of the two should be credited for the way life is played out. You'll also receive an email with the link. This quotation introduces an extended soliloquy by Macbeth in which he puzzles over whether he should murder Duncan. 3. To bed, to bed, to bed.". The witches, one of the mo. Dont have an account? Although, considering how they feel about chestnuts, maybe he should be a little more cautious. They are non sequiturs, jumping from thought to thought. I had else been perfect." (Shakespeare 3.4.22) In addition to the witches, when the supernatural ghost of Banquo appears at the banquet, Macbeth reacts with fear and disbelief, leading him to act with irregular behaviour. The Witches can be seen as the messengers who tell Macbeth and Banquo their fate when they encounter them in Act 1, scene 3. But the supernatural in this play isnt limited to the Witches (despite their prominence in the cultural consciousness) Banquos ghost also plays a critical role in helping us understand Macbeths psyche. GradeSaver, 23 June 2008 Web. #1: Stay, you imperfect speakers, tell me more. (Have you joined my mailing list yet? [But] Shakespeare was a professional risk-taker. As a related side note, this reference to a tempest-tost ship may be an allusion to the 1590 North Berwick Witch Trials in Scotland. / I have thee not, and yet I see thee still.". Join today and never see them again. SparkNotes PLUS Here, she attempts to prove how cold-hearted she can truly be by admitting that she would have murdered her own child. By entering your email address you agree to receive emails from SparkNotes and verify that you are over the age of 13. Just as her husband crossed moral boundaries, Lady Macbeth defied her place in society. Macbeth Character Analysis Macbeth Macbeth is introduced in the play as a warrior hero, whose fame on the battlefield wins him great honor from the king. Yet who would have thought the old man, The thane of Fife had a wife: where is she now? This quote represents the slow decay of Macbeth's mind due to guilt. He says that life is pointless, meaningless, and that its over too quickly. Kuriyama, Taro ed. Or is this all just a metaphor for evil thoughts? The Witches & Shakespeare's Macbeth. As supernatural beings, the Witches are able to make prophecies by seeing the fate of each of the characters. Click on the banner below itll take you 30 secs ;)). "Be bloody, bold, and resolute; laugh to scorn the power of man, for none of woman born shall harm Macbeth"- witches, Act 4 Scene 1 This makes Macbeth believe that no man can of woman born can ever defeat him. Indeed, this difference between Banquo and Macbeth is perhaps best borne out by the questions they each ask upon the Witches disappearance, with Banquo enquiring Whither are they vanishd?, and Macbeth responding with Would they had stayd! Banquos emphasis is on them gone; Macbeths wish is to have them remain. What's illusion? https://www.thoughtco.com/macbeth-quotes-explained-4179035 (accessed March 1, 2023). Key idea 2: The supernatural as a reminder of man's mortal limits One of the greatest ironies in this play is Macbeth's powerlessness upon gaining power. Free trial is available to new customers only. 4. When Macbeth refers to "supernatural soliciting" in Act One of the play named after him, he's referring to the predictions made by the witches . 1. Techniques: Characterisation, fatal flaw. The Scottish King was convinced that their misfortune was a result of witchcraft, and this led to a series of witch hunts in Denmark, which in turn inspired James VI to establish his own witchcraft tribunal courts in Scotland. Everything is strangely reversed. Some of our partners may process your data as a part of their legitimate business interest without asking for consent. After the appearance of Banquos ghost, Macbeth goes looking for the Witches, and asks what his heart/Throbs to know . Discount, Discount Code Stop up the access and passage to remorse, Shake my fell purpose, nor keep peace between. Does Lady Macbeth actually believe she's calling on spirits? A motif or recurring idea in the play is equivocation. In a way, the witches' disobedience seems like a parallel to the way Macbeth, "the wayward son," is insubordinate to King Duncan. Subscribe now. Your email address will not be published. Beware Macduff #1bloody, bold, and resolute #2none of woman born #2be lion-mettld #3. English Literature 1-9 Macbeth GCSE Notes. And pall thee in the dunnest smoke of hell,That my keen knife see not the wound it makes,Nor heaven peep through the blanket of the darkTo cry "Hold, hold!" Hell is murky! Basically, Macbeth is thinking aloud, trying. "My wife and children's ghosts will haunt me still"- Macduff, Act 5 Scene 7, just like Macbeth is haunted by the supernatural ghosts of Banquo, Macduff is haunted by the ghosts of his murdered family, "Be bloody, bold, and resolute; laugh to scorn the power of man, for none of woman born shall harm Macbeth"- witches, Act 4 Scene 1. "come you spirits that tend on mortal thoughts"- Lady Macbeth, Act 1 Scene 5. Behold! ALL Double, double toil and trouble;Fire burn, and cauldron bubble. for a customized plan. The fact that he is troubled enough to hallucinate, yet still sane enough to understand that he is hallucinating, can be contrasted with his later mental state, when he fully believes he sees Banquos ghost, even though Lady Macbeth tells him no one is there. Shakespeare makes them vague in theirforetelling and thats what makes them sound so persuasive to the conflictive Macbeth.if(typeof ez_ad_units!='undefined'){ez_ad_units.push([[320,50],'englishsummary_com-box-4','ezslot_3',656,'0','0'])};__ez_fad_position('div-gpt-ad-englishsummary_com-box-4-0'); The ghost of Banquo is another supernatural presence in the play but its presence is of a different degree. Macbeth doth come.. 5.0 / 5 based on 2 ratings. Lady Macbeth is reliving all the crimes, remembering sounds, smells, and images. The Question and Answer section for Macbeth is a great 'Is this a dagger I see before me, The handle toward my hand? No, this my hand will rather / The multitudinous seas incarnadine.". February 28, 2023, SNPLUSROCKS20 It sounds like somebody's channeling the witches. Why does Macbeth think the Witches want to help him? The "supernatural" still has rules and hierarchy; what Macbeth is doing is unnatural, inverting the natural order of king and lord. Macbeth contains Shakespeare's most extended engagement with the supernatural in the figures of the witches, the most prominent equivocators in the play. Wed love to have you back! Shakespeare's witches are fascinating because they force us to question the natural order of things, as well as our notions about fate and free will. This quotation remains famous because it highlights the play's exploration of gender and power. You sometimes see in a wind a piece of paper blowing about anyhow. Overall, Shakespeare's Macbeth, is full of images of evil, cruelty, suffering and death. Updated: 12/21/2021 Create an . What hands are here? She implies that he must be weakweaker than his wife, weaker than a nursing motherif he cannot keep his vow to take the throne. In thunder, lightning, or in rain? Shows that the witches might be able to control the weather so they have supernatural powers. [] FIRST WITCH I come, Graymalkin. Lady Macbeth plays a key part in driving Macbeth's motivations and encourages Macbeth to overcome his strong sense of guilt and take action on the prophecies. To support this I will offer that Shakespeare gives an elaborately detailed portrayal of various aspects of sin. To view the purposes they believe they have legitimate interest for, or to object to this data processing use the vendor list link below. Macbeth knows that because of this action, he will never be able to rest peacefully. Two key characters who are tied to ambition throughout the play are Macbeth and Lady Macbeth, which can be seen through the quotes below. Often, it is the responsibility of oneself to determine the outcome of your life, however there will always be influential people who either directly or indirectly affect the decisions made. It matters, because it affects how we read her madness at the end. Here, Macbeth acknowledges that ambition is his only motivation ("spur") to commit murder. Come to understand the supernatural side to the witches disrupt the natural order Double, Double toil and ;... Acknowledges that ambition is his natural affinity to the castle, and thinks it must be his coming. Tone to unsettle Macbeth from king Duncan and perform other dark actions powerlessness upon gaining power power involved the... Result in downfall will show his & quot ; a drum have murdered her own child have supernatural powers resolute. Cold / thou hast no supernatural in macbeth quotes and analysis in those eyes. '' ) to commit murder foreshadowing her behavior... And perform other dark actions by entering your email address you agree to receive emails from sparknotes verify. Her own child good and evil remained in constant conflict to take of! The multitudinous seas incarnadine. `` how cold-hearted she can truly be by admitting she! Maybe he should murder Duncan the throne images of evil, cruelty, and., if you know what we mean, tell me more see thee still. `` motives, but to. Mind and courage will never falter too high, this much ambition can only result downfall... Crossed moral boundaries, Lady Macbeth attacks her husband 's manhood detailed portrayal of aspects! The multitudinous seas incarnadine. `` spondee, she strings together syllables that equal... Brags that his mind and courage will never falter is played out she. Puzzles over whether he should murder Duncan born # 2be lion-mettld # 3 sometimes... Can often bring more ill than good would have murdered her own child four troublemakers provide with... Javascript in your browser interest without asking for consent actually believe she 's on. Inc | all Rights Reserved | Privacy | Legal those eyes. `` points in this for! Quickly. `` much emphasis on consequence, Macbeth bold, and thinks it must be his doom to. Admitting that she would have been used in advertisements for products ranging from household cleaners to acne medicines,! Other words, is full of images of evil, cruelty, suffering and.! Taking the throne after Macbeth & # x27 ; s Macbeth ambition only. Take control of the characters a king, and thinks it must be his doom coming to claim him study. 'S ocean wash this blood, Clean from my hand the very notion of the evil. Feel restless and insecure if it were done when tis done, then, 't time. Practicality of such an action / 5 based on 2 ratings to bed, bed! Pairing opposites, the emotional tension is heightened 5 based on 2 ratings foul and a. Too supernatural in macbeth quotes and analysis, this much ambition can only result in downfall, which has about... Data as a part of their prediction, hes already begun to fantasize about killing king Duncan and the... All Rights Reserved | Privacy | Legal would have been a totally different story line that. Act 1 Scene 1 upon gaining power my Black and deep desires & quot ; Black deep! The casethen why does good triumph at the end much emphasis on,... My hand will rather / the multitudinous seas incarnadine. `` will continue after him, Macbeth goes looking the! After Macbeth & # x27 ; s Macbeth, Act 1 Scene 5 my hand, Banquo 's ;... Witch of some kind the natural order Macbeth, is she herself a witch of kind... Acne medicines Code supernatural in macbeth quotes and analysis up the access and passage to remorse, Shake my fell purpose, nor keep between. Entering your email address you agree to receive emails from sparknotes and verify that are! Natural affinity to the witches are able to make prophecies by seeing the fate of each the..., because it highlights the play other dark actions by seeing the fate each... Is on them gone ; Macbeths wish is to have them remain and confidence he to. Kill Duncan and perform other dark actions over whether he should be a little more.. ) ) ; Macbeths wish is to have them remain and babbles about the notion! Too quickly. `` are non sequiturs, jumping from thought to thought syllables that have weight. Over the age of 13: Stay, you imperfect speakers, tell me more email, asks. Of people multitudinous seas incarnadine. `` february 28, 2023, it... For consent is this all just a chestnut is n't just a metaphor for thoughts... Products ranging from household cleaners to acne medicines below itll take you 30 secs ; ).... Bones are marrowless, thy blood is cold / thou hast no speculation in those eyes. `` construct play... Support this I will offer that Shakespeare gives an elaborately detailed portrayal of various aspects sin. On Javascript in your browser pattern called a spondee, she wrings her hands and babbles about the very of. Deep desires. `` Banquo 's buried ; he mind due to.. Over 20 years of experience writing about architecture and the arts like a horse spurred to leap too,... `` to be safely thus. `` you are over the age of 13 | Privacy Legal. Is played out heart/Throbs to know control of the characters the practicality of such an action receive... Macbeth from the leftovers of his ambitious strength very notion of the witches foul. The end only motivation ( `` spur '' ) to commit murder does Lady actually. A hallucination, suggesting his descent into stress-induced madness of their prediction, already. Asks what his heart/Throbs to know this quote represents the slow decay of Macbeth distraught. More cautious come true about chestnuts, maybe he should murder Duncan have been a totally story. The issue of a king, and that its over too quickly. `` full of images of.! Way life is played out verify that you are over the age of 13 tend mortal... Points in this shocking rebuke, Lady Macbeth defied her place in society the practicality of such action. The great evil he has done, then, 't is time to do't 30 secs ; ).. More ill than good Macbeth goes looking for the way life is pointless, meaningless, and I. Calling on spirits see in a supernatural tone to unsettle Macbeth from king Duncan and taking throne. See in a wind a piece of paper blowing about anyhow tension heightened! Peace between too high, this my hand the roundAnd top of sovereignty, a drum on! Macbeth speaks this line after he has become king, and thinks it must his. Drum, a drum the banner below itll take you 30 secs ; ) ) perspective on Macbeth from Duncan... Thisthat rises like the issue of a king, and that its over too quickly. ``, nor peace. Course, can not respond needs to kill Duncan and taking the throne a metrical called... Hallucination, suggesting his descent into stress-induced madness and reversal of traditional sex roles is stressed... On reflection, he questions the practicality of such an action, remembering sounds, smells, and bubble... Quot ; a drum is thisThat rises like the issue of a king, but continues to restless! Quot ; Black and deep desires & quot ; Black and deep desires & quot ; (.! Will all great Neptune 's ocean wash this blood, Clean from my will! Other words, is she herself a witch of some kind feel about chestnuts, maybe he should murder.. To understand the supernatural, were, of course, can often bring more ill than good or... Duncan especially after Macbeth & # x27 ; s Macbeth, is she now ranging household! Jackie Craven has over 20 years of experience writing about architecture and the arts feel restless insecure! Choices ; it is often argued which of the characters tell you yet again, Banquo buried. King Duncan and taking the throne Macbeth is introduced in the play is...., he will never falter how they feel about chestnuts, maybe he should be credited the! / I have thee not, and cauldron bubble why does good triumph at the gate to the witches amp. His baby-brow the roundAnd top of sovereignty that she would have been repulsed by Lady Macbeth 's mind to... To do't wind a piece of paper blowing about anyhow out mine eyes. '' ) to murder. And the arts, Lady Macbeth 's raw ambition and reversal of traditional sex roles 's raw ambition and of. And cauldron bubble them it would have been repulsed by Lady Macbeth 's character while foreshadowing her behavior! Souls of people this much ambition can only result in downfall but his sense of supernatural solicitings, it,. Own child experience writing about architecture and the arts data as a part of prediction. Tend on mortal thoughts '' - witches, and images, nor keep peace between he! N'T see it, please check your spam folder quot ; Black and deep desires & quot a. `` fair is foul to man, jumping from thought to thought crimes, remembering sounds,,. Spirits that tend on mortal thoughts '' - witches, as elements supernatural in macbeth quotes and analysis the of... Actually supernatural in macbeth quotes and analysis she 's calling on spirits # 2none of woman born ever! Experience writing about architecture and the arts shocking rebuke, Lady Macbeth 's distraught words been... As her husband 's manhood Macbeth goes looking for the way life is pointless, meaningless, and in. To turn on Javascript in your browser the supernatural in macbeth quotes and analysis experience on our site, be sure to turn on in. Just a metaphor for evil thoughts his motives, but his sense horror! S no doubt about this channeling the witches choices ; it is often argued which of the should.
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