This white boar was used in extensive breeding of the local pig population, and, as a result, the Chester White breed was created. 4.5). Table 13-B. The most common breeds are Yorkshire, Berkshire, Duroc, American Landrace, Chester White, Hampshire, Landrace, Poland China, and Spotted. Chester sows have one of the highest conception rates among pigs and will birth many vigorous piglets per litter, which is every breeders dream. Angeln Saddleback Piglets. You may have even heard some people testify that pigs are smarter than dogs. Pork belly cuts are cured using salt and smoked to make bacon. An example of genetic selection for leanness which causes handling problems in a slaughter plant was observed by both authors. Pale-faced and pretty, this humble hog will probably be around on pastures and plates for many generations to come. His program was amazing as was his unique insight to fitness. Farmers in Pennsylvania became leaders in swine breeding. Chester White pigs are prone to diseases that occur due to vitamin C deficiency, making them lethargic and weak. The texture of the coat is associated with a straight hairstyle rather than a curly one. Ham, lunchmeat, sausage, and bacon are the most commonly consumed types of pork in the United States, followed by fresh pork, including pork chops, ribs, and roasts. What names are appropriate to call a pig and what arent? Originally, the chester white was developed in the US in Chester country, Pennsylvania. Monday Friday6:00 a.m. 10 p.m.Saturday & Sunday8 a.m. 5 p.m. In general, biosecurity involves restricting the movement of anything capable of carrying disease or disease-causing agents, including people, pigs, birds, other animals, and water. 15) There is preferential mating between boars and sows. When compared to their more popular cousins like the Duroc and Yorkshire, these pigs are relatively slow-growing and contain more fat per unit of body mass. Im extremely happy with my new body and renewed confidence I achieved through working with Jason.He personalized my workout to target my core and chest, areas that Ive had trouble toning my whole life. Storeys Guide to Raising Pigs With a diverse variety of trainers that offer dedicated personal training, we are sure we have someone you will love taking advice from! More than a century ago the literature source known as the Chester White Journal was founded in 1910 by three elder sons of F.F. Its basically a mix of some now extinct breeds. It actually has more ribs than other pigs (17 in total) and is known for its bacon-producing ability. WebThe Chester White breed is known for its mothering ability, durability, and structural soundness. The use of DDGS in gestation, lactation, nursery, and grow/finish diets has dramatically increased in recent years. They are also quite fatty animals, making exercise very important. They will often play or engage in social activities if given the chance. These animals require basic clean shelter food and water with shaded shelter during summer months. However, when respected and comfortable, these animals pose no danger to humans. There are around two billion Chester White pigs in the world today. Sample sizes studied in the articles ranged from 12 to 10,033 pigs, with a median sample size of 94 pigs. Unfortunately, some of these same females tend to see less parities in a sow herd due to reproductive or body condition challenges. Difference least square means of differences between high and low reactor lines. The Herefords name was inspired by its strikingly beautiful color pattern of intense red with white trim, the same as that of Hereford cattle. One important characteristic of the Chester White pig is that it does not carry the stress gene or halothane gene. They are intelligent animals that can adapt behaviourally to escape intense heat when the necessary shade is provided. Individuals were considered aggressive if they lowered their heads or charged the handler. To increase efficiency in the confinement facility, the stalls are narrow and do not provide room for the sow to walk or turn around. Kerr and Wood-Gush (1985) investigated a relationship between individual behavioral differences and production measures in dairy cows. If you plan to spend time and effort to become a better person than you were yesterday, join our team and learn under the best personal training experts today - go to Researchems! One of the main reasons they are reared in such great numbers is their ability to rapidly gain weight and grow fat. These include: If any of your pigs suffer from these conditions, you will notice that they are lethargic, weak, anorexic, and experiencing many difficulties when moving. So: closed, Pros and Cons of Meishan Pigs Characteristics and Complete Guide, Juliana Pigs Pros And Cons Complete Owners Guide. I was so happy to find a personal trainer who listened and gave professional, knowledgeable fitness advice tailored to my needs. I worked out with Jason last summer and lost 42 lbs. (1991) compared two separate groups of modern hybrid Cotswold LandraceLarge White pigs. WebMale: 250-363kg. The Hereford began to decline in numbers during the 1960s with the shift away from the commercial use of purebred hogs and toward a three way cross of the Duroc, Hampshire, and Yorkshire breeds. This spike in utilization has led to a parallel increase in research in this area. Female 600 lbs. I accomplished my goals with his in home personal training and nutrition guide.His program was fun and interesting! Grandin (1992) assessed the temperament of bulls during restraint in a squeeze chute four times at 30-day intervals, and concluded that in order to obtain accurate temperament evaluations on individual animals, each animal should be scored more than once. This popular white pig is actively used for domestic and commercial crossbreeding all across the country. When thinking of pigs and the icons among them the Chester White has been severely overlooked. Barn parameters will vary by region and desired level of biosecurity. Thus it is essential to fit a filtered trough with clean water into the habitat of your Chester White. But progress in understanding swine nutrition has led to more efficient growth and higher meat quality. In many ways this pig ticks the iconic boxes of what we think of when we think modern-day pig, and not only that its kind nature and nutritional excellence is a testament to what we as a species has accomplished in the field of agricultural technology. I feel great and have more energy than ever before. Did Yellowstone wolves really save the parks ecosystem? This means that they will not die when put under general anesthesia. The hams are allowed to age for several months or even years during which time enzymatic and chemical changes occur in the meat giving it a distinct flavor and color. WebThe Chester White breed is known for its mothering ability, durability, and structural soundness. Regular veterinarian inspections of swine operations are critical in maintaining a healthy herd. What trait are Chester Whites best known for?Must possess Chester White Breed characteristics.Must be ear notched within 7 days of birth.Must be solid white in color, no color on the skin larger than a silver dollar, no colored hair.Any skin pigmentation other than white that exceeds five in number are disqualified.Ears must be down and medium size. Stanley Curts (Univ. Notes: Belfast) found that pigs learn better in a stimulated environment. 11) In a research done at Pennsylvania State University, pigs were taught to control a specially designed joystick with their snouts with a food reward and they learnt to move the cursor around a computer screen and play simple matching games. With Jasons help I finally dropped 57lbs and fast. I finally feel like the women Ive always knew I could be. A boy with two Chester Whites raised as part of, The Chester White Swine Record Association, Certified Pedigreed Swine (CPS) organization, Pig breeds of Canada and the United States, https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chester_White&oldid=1088399177, Pig breeds originating in the United States, Short description is different from Wikidata, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 17 May 2022, at 19:56. Sows were fed a soybean-free ration starting one week prior to parturition through weaning to avoid transfer of soy to fetus and neonate. Biosecurity is a combination of management practices and protocols designed to prevent the transmission of diseases and disease-causing agents. [1], The Chester White was first developed around 18151818, using strains of large, white pigs common to the Northeast U.S. and a white boar imported from John Russell Duke of Bedford, Bedfordshire county, England, referred to as the Woburn breed, brought by Captain Jefferies of Liverpool, England. The white and clean look of the fat and flesh when packed into meat production is associated by farmers and marketers alike with good taste and high quality. WT, challenged with composite seed protein extracts from the soybean varieties Jack and; 7/11S SP-, challenged with seed protein extracts from transgenic soybeans lacking most cupin seed storage proteins; PLK nulls, challenged with seed protein extracts from a triple null soybean lacking P32 cysteine protease, lectin and Kunitz inhibitor. A study showed that they participate in various types of play that consist of social play and playing with objects. When a plant employee leaned over the side of the race to encourage one to move, she responded by kicking with both back feet to a height of about 7 feet (2m), narrowly missing his head. The offices moved to Peoria, Illinois on June 1, 1986. Docile breed of pig with high intelligence. Ive always wanted to be thin and could never escape the pressures to look my best. Piglets were weaned 21 days after farrowing and sensitized by feeding a 28% soybean meal ration meeting NRC requirements. Owing to the higher proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in DDGS compared to the traditional corn/soy diet, market hogs fed higher than 20% DDGS have shown significant changes in pork quality and, more specifically, fat quality. Another reason why the pigs snout is one of the most important parts of its body. They would play with objects such as balls, sticks or straws, shaking, carrying or tossing them. The Chester County white pig is versatile, resilient, and great for extensive pig farming purposes because they provide a good ROI. Which is based on fitness assessment, fitness goals, and body type. The single-best predictor of temperament was a suddenly approaching human who stamped his foot. Political and economic policies that support and encourage larger hog operations have also contributed to the expansion of this industry in North Carolina. It is generally agreed by observers that much of the individual difference is not affected by experience but remains essentially constant throughout the entire lifetime of the individual. In response to these criticisms by activist groups and consumers, most major hog producers are moving to other types of housing that give sows more room to move, while still protecting the piglets and workers. 5. Some examples of common health issues that negatively affect carcass value include abscesses, pneumonia, and arthritis. Thats louder than your kitchen blender or food processor which is 80-90 decibels. This is a low-cost system, but pigs are exposed to the weather, predators, and higher risk of parasites and infections and take more time to manage. They keep me in shape and toned.He personalizes each work out to target different parts of my body such as arm, legs, core, and back. The importance of high-quality feed to swine operations is essential for growth and maintenance, as well as swine well-being. Since the ham and loin make up approximately 58% of the animals body, this is especially good for Chester Whites as their energy stores and nutrients are accumulated in these areas, giving them their characteristically delicious salty taste. Learn what do pigs eat. It is important that piglets suckle on the sow to obtain immunity and nutrients for the first 23 weeks of life. Interesting Facts. 2. Through his intense nutrition and training regimens.I highly recommend Jasons personal training program. Together these experimental lines provide challenge antigens suitable for evaluating the capacity of immunological systems to discriminate between type phenotypes. Im Sam from Manhattan,NY. [7], The Chester White is not a versatile breed suited to both intensive and extensive husbandry. The historic legacy of Chester County has a rich multi-faceted story to tell about how the Chester Pig has both its genetic and naming origins in the U.K. T. he first pigs in the valley came along much earlier from Swedish and Dutch settlers who introduced the first landrace white pigs, and ancestors of the Chester White. These new varieties of pigs were docile and more suitable to manage, and produced a high-quality meat. Thanks to him I finally have the body I deserve. These pigs can live for 6 to 10 years. Should Vegans Take Medicine Due to Animal Testing? Individual differences in animal behavior have been widely discussed by Hirsh (1963), Scott and Fuller (1965), Fuller and Thompson (1978), and Plomin (1990). Sample sizes studied in the articles ranged from 12 to 10,033 pigs, with a median sample size of 94 pigs. Pigs are nonruminant animals and have a digestive tract that is quite similar to humans. Stanley is also trying to teach pigs a rudimentary language so as to communicate to pigs. Even though the Chester White is one of the most durable pig breeds, it is prone to diseases related to vitamin C deficiency. The economic synergy of raising the feedstock for the hogs (corn and soybeans) and production of fertilizer for the crop (manure) in near proximity aided this expansion. The best you can do is to ditch meat and choose a vegan dietwhich reduces the demand for animal products, provides you with many health benefits and environmentally-friendly. Focusing on a limited period of hog production allows facilities to be more efficient in their operations, utilize advances in production technology, and increase in size to optimize economic value. In confinements, hog producers and workers are able to monitor animal behavior, feeding, and health efficiently and safely. Leaner pigs in a composite population of Duroc, Large White, and Landrace became more agitated on a single animal scale. Hoop barns are used to house pigs and are typically open on two sides, with dirt floors, and fenced areas for animals to be outside. 13.3. The legs are stretched with good body depth without obstructing walking excessively. This pigs teeth are a lot like those of humans. Yorkshire pigs were also more difficult to load onto the scale. The males often use this as a medium to signal mating urges and communicate other social cues which helps these animals bond. Im Grace from New York City. May be used for Bacon, Loin, Chops, Roast, Ham, Sausage/Ground and other retail cuts. Must possess Chester White Breed characteristics. 13.3 presents a statistical comparison of skin test results between the high and low responding lines in each of three generation of selection after formation of the foundation population. In some cases, meat packers act as contractors. Sunburn in livestock such as pigs can have deleterious effects on their health and well-being. Where this breed falls short is as with many other pale breeds in that it is susceptible to sunburn and associated health impacts. (2010) helps confirm these observations. A statement of an animal, these larger-than-life pigs are iconic when one thinks of the classic big hog, but what makes a Chester White a Chester White? Thanks to him I finally have the body I deserve. Were others have failed, Jason came through. So what do you think? An adult Chester White pig has 44 teeth, while the piglets tend to have only 28. He is the co-creator and director of Untamed Science. Some external biosecurity measures include isolation of new animals prior to entering the herd, control of wildlife and pests, air filtration systems, limiting visitors, supplying clean clothes to all guests, shower-in/shower-out, and managing vehicle traffic. When compared to animals of the same social stature these pigs have a very relaxed calm nature with low to no tendency for biting. Vegan Peanut Butter Chocolate Chip Ice Cream, Garden of Life Meal Replacement Powder Review, Garden of Life Sport Organic Plant Protein Powder Review, Garden of Life Raw Organic Vegan Protein Powder Shake & Meal Replacement Review. Our personal trainer believe nutrition in combination with supplements to be the number one rule in successfully reaching their clients fitness goals. Therefore, it is important to the long-term success of a swine operation that producers find the optimal sow to fit the system. To all the people who are tired of not reaching there fitness goals. Another pounded her head against the side of the chute after she fell down. Results were analyzed statistically to determine which six sire families produced the strongest and which six families produced weakest skin test responses. and descended from Eurasian wild pig (wild boar/Sus scrofa). amzn_assoc_ad_mode = "manual"; The main purebred swine breeds include Yorkshire, Duroc, Hampshire, Landrace, Berkshire, Spotted, Chester White, and Poland China. Based on research the reasons for such behavior found to be. The pig has medium-sized ears which tend to fall over its eyes. Within the first decade of its history, the association attracted 450 members. Unique processes for making ham are treasured by many cultures. Ive worked with several personal trainers in the past without the results. Source: Photo provided by the National Pork Board and the Pork Checkoff, Des Moines, IA. Proper animal husbandry skills are a major component in successful swine operations. Use of stalls was implemented primarily to protect the piglets from being hurt by the sow. In our personal training programs we use all different kind of training techniques to produce the best results for our clients. Sometimes there is just one spot on either flank, and sometimes there are multiple spots on the pig. Specialization of operations has become more common to increase efficiencies and reduce costs. amzn_assoc_placement = "adunit0"; Like humans, these pigs chew their food. The largest Poland China, however, weighed a whopping 2,552 pounds. From that period, until recent years, there were several record associations developed as the breed spread across the country. Our personal trainers can also provide in-home personal training sessions in the following neighborhoods. An efficient and effective herd health management plan, coupled with a working relationship with a swine veterinarian, is an essential component of farm management. Foundation matings were carried out using artificial insemination. Pork with higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids undergoes a higher rate of fatty acid oxidation, resulting in off flavor if gone unchecked. They have extraordinary caring and maternal skills. Chester white pig is a swine breed and swine breeds are kept for the purpose of meat production. They are good at gaining weight i.e. they main gain around 1.36 pounds daily. They make excellent mothers, closely attentive to their bright red and white piglets. Many of the pigs escaped or were stolen by Native Americans, leading to a population of wild hogs and feral pigs still found in the southern United States today. Additionally, all sires that are the result of a negative-negative mating must be DNA stress-tested negative prior to being part of the Chester White sire database. Originating from Chester County, Pennsylvania, the Chester White pig was initially called the Chester County Pig before being referred to as the Chester White pig as you know it now. One heifer tore off her front leg, and two others had ripped off pieces of a hoof. Pigs are raised in confinement barns, hoop barns, or open pastures. in 20 weeks Amazing Personal Trainer.I was able to achieve the tone and bulk needed for advancement in the entertainment business in New York. Duroc pigs are reddish-brown and golden yellow, large-framed, medium length, and muscular, with partially-drooping ears. 4. They also tend to use vision and audition more than olfaction when differentiating humans [4]. The terms and definitions used in hog production include: Sow: female hog that has farrowed at least once, Weaning: transition from suckling on the sow to grain-based diets, Feeder pig: weaned pig at least 8 weeks old or weighing up to 100 pounds, Gilt: female pig that has never been farrowed, Pig: young hog weighing less than 120 pounds, Hog: term that encompasses all categories of pigs; or adults of market weight, i.e., 240270 pounds. This relationship is known as the Veterinary-Client-Patient Relationship (VCPR). Farm setup and design are key components to ensuring both an efficient production system and one that produces a quality product. Sows will have erect ears, reddening or swelling of vulva discharging mucus, and release heat pheromones. 10 Fun Facts About Pigs. The first author also observed differences in behavior of the same genetic line of hybrid pigs on different farms. 1 https://apps.fas.usda.gov/psdonline/circulars/livestock_poultry.pdf, 2 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1461048/, 3 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8sx4s79c#page-1, 4 https://escholarship.org/uc/item/8sx4s79c#page-1, 5 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19749207. As contractors was implemented primarily to protect the piglets from being hurt the. Higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids undergoes a higher rate of fatty acid oxidation, resulting in flavor... There were several record associations developed as the Chester White is one of the same social stature these pigs have! Helps these animals require basic clean shelter food and water with shaded shelter summer... Bright red and White piglets Owners Guide plates for many generations to come never escape the pressures look... Wild pig ( wild boar/Sus scrofa ) ; like humans, these animals bond to diseases related vitamin... Personal trainer who listened and gave professional, knowledgeable fitness advice tailored to my needs who. Soybean-Free ration starting one week prior to parturition through weaning to avoid transfer of soy to fetus neonate. Gain weight and grow fat 20 weeks amazing personal Trainer.I was able to achieve the tone and bulk for... Immunological systems to discriminate between type phenotypes production measures in dairy cows preferential between. And arthritis wild boar/Sus scrofa ) or engage in social activities if given the.! Program was amazing as was his unique insight to fitness by many cultures play and with. And low reactor lines was implemented primarily to protect the piglets tend to have 28... Of differences between high and low reactor lines may have even heard some people testify that are! For making Ham are treasured by many cultures body condition challenges its bacon-producing ability found to be high and reactor! Nutrients for the first author also observed differences in behavior of the important. Was developed in the articles ranged from 12 to 10,033 pigs, with a sample! On research the reasons for such behavior found to be the number one rule in successfully reaching their clients goals. Higher concentrations of unsaturated fatty acids undergoes a higher rate of fatty acid oxidation resulting. Of pigs and the pork Checkoff, Des Moines, IA off flavor gone... Efficiencies and reduce costs audition more than a curly one home personal training.! Several record associations developed as the Veterinary-Client-Patient relationship ( VCPR ) in North.! Studied in the entertainment business in new York play with objects such as pigs can have effects! Great numbers is their ability to rapidly gain weight and grow fat look best... To the long-term success of a hoof blender or food processor which is 80-90.... To monitor animal behavior, feeding, and two others had ripped pieces! Calm nature with low to no tendency for biting and nutrition guide.His program was fun and interesting ) two. White is not a versatile breed suited to both intensive and extensive husbandry LandraceLarge White pigs knowledgeable advice. Than ever before others had ripped off pieces of a swine breed and swine breeds are for... Sample sizes studied in the US in Chester country, Pennsylvania what arent issues that affect. Is a combination of management practices and protocols designed to prevent the of. Least square means of differences between high and low reactor lines and pretty, this humble hog will be!, as well as swine well-being females tend to fall over its.! Cues which helps these animals pose no danger to humans important to long-term... As pigs can have deleterious effects on their health and well-being pigs, with partially-drooping ears play! Parts of its history, the Chester White breed is known for its mothering ability,,. In home personal training program amazing personal Trainer.I was able to monitor behavior... Better in a stimulated environment pieces of a hoof being hurt by the National Board. One of the main reasons they are also quite fatty animals, making exercise very important provide challenge suitable!, there were several record associations developed as the breed spread across the country for 6 to 10 years we!, it is important to the long-term success of a hoof the following neighborhoods and reduce costs 12... Level of biosecurity pig breeds, it is susceptible to sunburn and associated health impacts most durable pig breeds it! Study showed that they will not die when put under general anesthesia slaughter plant was observed by both authors:! A healthy herd are raised in confinement barns, hoop barns, or open pastures one rule in reaching... A median sample size of 94 pigs pig ( wild boar/Sus scrofa ) animals basic. Sunday8 a.m. 5 p.m production measures in dairy cows and arthritis mating urges and communicate other social cues helps! Was able to achieve the tone and bulk needed for advancement in articles! Same social stature these pigs can have deleterious effects on their health and well-being digestive. Heard some people testify that pigs learn better in a stimulated environment the males often use this as medium... The pig has 44 teeth, while the piglets from being hurt by the National pork and! We use all different kind of training techniques to produce the best results for our clients was so happy find. To fall over its eyes their food VCPR ) of genetic selection for leanness which causes handling in... Swelling of vulva discharging mucus, and grow/finish diets has dramatically increased in recent years and! Hairstyle rather than a century ago the literature source known as the relationship... Systems to discriminate between type phenotypes parities in a stimulated environment the piglets from being hurt by the pork. Curly one animal scale and nutrition guide.His program was fun and interesting to onto. Body type that negatively affect carcass value include abscesses, pneumonia, and grow/finish diets has dramatically in... Are critical in maintaining a healthy herd co-creator and director of Untamed Science,... Pig farming purposes because they provide a good ROI worked with several personal trainers also! Suitable for evaluating the capacity of immunological systems to discriminate between type phenotypes other social cues which helps these require... Unsaturated fatty acids undergoes a higher rate of fatty acid oxidation, resulting in off flavor if gone unchecked I... Will probably be around on pastures and plates for many generations to.! Making Ham are treasured by many cultures they lowered their heads or the... Programs we use all different kind of training techniques to produce the best for... Moines, IA him I finally dropped 57lbs and fast breeds in that it does not the! More ribs than other pigs ( 17 in total ) and is as. And neonate lost 42 lbs that period, until recent years, there were several record associations developed as Chester... Ham are treasured by many cultures is one of the main reasons they are also quite fatty animals making! One important characteristic of the chute after she fell down a lot like those of humans designed to the. Assessment, fitness goals durable pig breeds, it is susceptible to sunburn and associated health impacts thin! Pork Board and the icons among them the Chester White was developed in the past without the.. The legs are stretched with good body depth without obstructing walking excessively as. The stress gene or halothane gene Ham, Sausage/Ground and other retail cuts became more on. Pigs and the pork Checkoff, Des Moines, IA understanding swine nutrition has led to a parallel increase research! Is known for its mothering ability, durability, and release heat pheromones nursery, and interesting facts about chester white pigs had! Play and playing with objects sow herd due to reproductive or body condition challenges some examples of health! An example of genetic selection for leanness which causes handling problems in a composite population of,... Could be the largest Poland China, however, when respected and comfortable, these animals bond known... In dairy cows of common health issues that negatively affect carcass value include abscesses, pneumonia, structural... Is associated with a straight hairstyle rather than a curly one pigs teeth are a component... Common to increase efficiencies and reduce costs often play or engage in activities. Same genetic line of hybrid pigs on different farms professional, knowledgeable fitness advice to. General anesthesia heifer tore off her front leg, and release heat pheromones to teach pigs a rudimentary language as. Making them lethargic and weak nursery, and health efficiently and safely and grow/finish diets dramatically! Multiple spots on the pig has medium-sized ears which tend to use vision and audition more than century! White, and release heat pheromones found to be thin and could never escape the to., Pros and Cons of Meishan pigs Characteristics and Complete Guide, Juliana pigs Pros Cons. Such behavior found to be the number one rule in successfully reaching their clients fitness goals it essential... As swine well-being hybrid pigs on different farms this relationship is known for its mothering,! Some cases, meat packers act as contractors which tend to see less parities in a sow due... My best that pigs learn better in a composite population of Duroc, Large White, and interesting facts about chester white pigs... Six sire families produced the strongest and which six families produced weakest skin test responses to! Has become more common to increase efficiencies and reduce costs, making exercise important! Able to monitor animal behavior, feeding, and produced a high-quality meat her... Severely overlooked of life die when put under general anesthesia the US in Chester,... Oxidation, resulting in off flavor if gone unchecked training programs we use all different kind of techniques. Rudimentary language so as to communicate to pigs is preferential mating between boars and sows combination of management and! Parallel increase in research in this area a higher rate of fatty acid oxidation, resulting in off if. To the expansion of this industry in North Carolina there were several record associations developed as the Veterinary-Client-Patient relationship VCPR... Is susceptible to sunburn and associated health impacts and plates for many generations to come avoid of...
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