what is magma solid rock with a fine texture

Laccoliths bulge upwards; a similar downward-bulging intrusion is called a lopolith. Felsic magmas tend to be cooler than mafic magmas when crystallization begins (because they dont have to be as hot to remain liquid), and so they may start out crystallizing pyroxene (not olivine) and plagioclase. The rock then cools into new crust. Please select the best answer from the choices provided Komatiite is a rare rock because volcanic material that comes directly from the mantle is not common, although some examples can be found in ancient Archean rocks [2]. Magma can also extrude into Earths atmosphere as part of a violent volcanic explosion. Common rock types within the intrusive category are granite and diorite. Learn how BCcampus supports open education and how you can access Pressbooks. That magma body at depth is normally totally encased by solid rock (perhaps with a zone of broken and partly melted rock measuring a few meters thick; depends on the magma and the host rock and how much time has passed), and that solid rock would be the floor, walls, and ceiling to the magma body. This relates to the cooling history of the molten magma from which it came. In fact, magma has only been discovered three times in its natural habitat deep in Earths crust. Which mineral would you expect to see as a, Which of the following igneous rocks exhibit aphanitic texture? Lava that cools extremely quickly may not form crystals at all, even microscopic ones. You cannot download interactives. E. often contain diamonds, sapphires and rubies, Which one of the following rocks is the primary constituent of the upper layers of the oceanic crust? In a porphyritic volcanic rock, which mineral grains are the last to crystallize? Intermediate MagmaIntermediate magma has higher silica content (roughly 60%) than mafic magma. This non-crystalline material is not classified as minerals but as volcanic glass. E. All of these. This page titled 4.1: Classification of Igneous Rocks is shared under a CC BY-NC-SA license and was authored, remixed, and/or curated by Chris Johnson, Matthew D. Affolter, Paul Inkenbrandt, & Cam Mosher (OpenGeology) . Peacock, M. A. Because mafic lava is more mobile, it is less common than basalt. The slow cooling process allows crystals to grow large, giving the intrusive igneous rock a coarse-grained or phaneritic texture. This texture, which indicates a very slow crystallization, is called pegmatitic. An active volcano always has a magma chamber beneath the cone. T Visible quartz and potassium feldspar grains are the main constituents in a. Regardless, when a diapir cools, it forms a mass of intrusive rock called a pluton. Diorite is identifiable by its Dalmatian-like appearance of black hornblende and biotite and white plagioclase feldspar. Low viscosity means that mafic magma is the most fluid of magma types. Felsic MagmaFelsic magma has the highest silica content of all magma types, between 65-70%. The results were studied under the microscope and by chemical analysis. Using Figure 3.3.8, predict what phenocrysts might be present where the magma cooled as far as line a in one case, and line b in another. These groups refer to differing amounts of silica, iron, and magnesium found in the minerals that make up the rocks. Obsidian is a rock consisting of volcanic glass. A. Please select the best answer from the choices provided On the figure above, the top row has both plutonic and volcanic igneous rocks arranged in a continuous spectrum from felsic on the left to intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic toward the right. solid rock with a fine texture cooled rock with large crystals molten rock below Earth's surface flowing rock above Earth's surface 1 See answer Advertisement Advertisement jjrudolf8 jjrudolf8 Answer: C. molten rock below Earth's surface. Whenever an individual stops drinking, the BAL will ________________. Diorite is a coarse-crystalline intermediate intrusive igneous rock. The LibreTexts libraries arePowered by NICE CXone Expertand are supported by the Department of Education Open Textbook Pilot Project, the UC Davis Office of the Provost, the UC Davis Library, the California State University Affordable Learning Solutions Program, and Merlot. D. Thin sections are thick slices of rocks that allow light to pass through them so sunlight may be used to study them. B. A. Si and O are the most abundant elements in the magma. Want to create or adapt OER like this? To give an example of how large these crystals can get, transparent cleavage sheets of pegmatitic muscovite mica were used as windows during the Middle Ages. B) the rock's composition B. Si and O are the least abundant elements in the magma. Are plutons assembled over. 2. rhyolite Which of the following can account for variations in a magma/rock composition? The presence of quartz is a good indicator of granite. A) the rock's texture If the fragments accumulate while still hot, the heat may deform the crystals and weld the mass together, forming a welded tuff. When porphyritic, it often has either olivine or plagioclase phenocrysts. The presence of quartz is a good indicator of granite. A sill is a concordant intrusion that runs parallel to the sedimentary layers in the country rock. CC BY. A. Earth Science, Geology, Geography, Physical Geography. Types of MagmaAll magma contains gases and a mixture of simple elements. C. Thin sections are thin slices of rocks that block light from passing through them so that rocks may be studied using a magnifying lens. Text on this page is printable and can be used according to our Terms of Service. Granite is a course-crystalline felsic intrusive rock. Magma compositions vary, but will have eight main elements in different proportions. 6. basalt Stage 1 As with dikes, sills are younger than the surrounding layers and may be radioactively dated to study the age of sedimentary strata. Which are definitions of "mafic" and "felsic"? These volcanic mounds can grow into volcanic islands over millions of years of activity. If a magma chamber encounters an enormous amount of pressure, however, it may fracture the rock around it. National Geographic News: New Magma Layer Found Deep in Earth's Mantle? It is commonly grey and porphyritic. Batholiths are found in the cores of many mountain ranges, including the granite formations of Yosemite National Park in the Sierra Nevada of California. Nature rarely has sharp boundaries and the classification and naming of rocks often impose what appears to be sharp boundary names onto a continuous spectrum. Large eruptions can nearly empty the magma chamber. A) mafic - very fluid magma makes for passive (fluid) eruptions Some igneous rocks have a mix of coarse-grained minerals surrounded by a matrix of fine-grained material in a texture called porphyritic. Are plutons assembled over. What is magma? B) granodioritic A stock is a type of pluton with less surface exposure than a batholith and may represent a narrower neck of material emerging from the top of a batholith. C. often occur with basalt and other mafic igneous rocks B. diorite 4. pillow basalt, __________ composition lava is erupted at ocean ridges, whereas ____________ composition lava is erupted on continents. 5. gabbro Granite is a good approximation for the continental crust, both in density and composition. A) the lava after it erupted from a crystallizing magma chamber When porphyritic, it often has either olivine or plagioclase phenocrysts. This one is an alkali basalt fragment, with brown hornblende and colorless plagioclase. All magmas contain gases dissolved in a solution called volatiles. why is it helpful to measure the specific gravity of a mineral? Dark, dense volcanic rock from the lower part of the magma chamber may be released later. The Weegy: A modal verb (also modal, modal auxiliary verb, modal auxiliary) is a type of auxiliary verb that is used to WINDOWPANE is the live-streaming app for sharing your life as it happens, without filters, editing, or anything fake. This magma solidifies in the air to form volcanic rock called tephra. A rock that chiefly consists of pegmatitic texture is known as a pegmatite. Peacock, M. A. St. Helens volcano, and why? A __________ texture would be most UNLIKELY to occur in an extrusive igneous rock. The Bowen reaction series is one of the results of his work, and even a century later, it is an important basis for our understanding of igneous rocks. The solid parts, called tephra, settle back to earth and cool into rocks with pyroclastic textures. On the figure above, the top row has both plutonic and volcanic igneous rocks arranged in a continuous spectrum from felsic on the left to intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic toward the right. b. Classification of Igneous Rock Series. Intrusive rocks, forming underground with larger, stronger crystals, are more likely to last. A. quartz and pyroxene As long as more magma pools into a volcanos magma chamber, there is the possibility of an eruption and the volcano will remain active. flowing rock above Earths surface, When your rsum is first reviewed, a potential employer looks at it for approximately _____. D. Heavier crystals float on the top of the magma in the magma chamber producing a layered igneous rock upon complete solidification. C. Mt. A sill is a concordant intrusion that runs parallel to the sedimentary layers in the country rock. Thus, you can often figure out the relative order in which the minerals crystallized from the magma. B) The rock has mineral grains that are glassy. Rock formed from large deposits of tephra fragments is called tuff. C. potassium feldspar Peacock, M. A. If the magma has a low viscosity (i.e., its runny)which is likely if it is maficthe crystals that form early, such as olivine (Figure 3.3.6a), may slowly settle toward the bottom of the magma chamber (Figure 3.3.6b). As it falls to Earth, tephra includes rocks such as pumice. Granite: Granite is the intrusive equivalent of rhyolite but has a coarser texture. Composition refers to the rocks specific mineralogy and chemical composition. B. C) number of ions 2 minutes, Web rsums are posted to the Internet in HTML format. C) considered "plutonic" rocks because they form from lava extruded at the surface; considered "volcanic" rocks because they form from magma beneath the surface. All magmas contain gases dissolved in a solution called volatiles. Flux MeltingFlux melting occurs when water or carbon dioxide are added to rock. These groups refer to differing amounts of silica, iron, and magnesium found in the minerals that make up the rocks. For igneous rock, the composition is divided into four groups: felsic, intermediate, mafic, and ultramafic. 7. obsidian, Which of the following is characteristic of pegmatites? The pool of magma in a magma chamber is layered. Lava flows are typically finer grained than intrusive igneous rocks. Residual molten material expelled from igneous intrusions may form veins or masses containing very large crystals of minerals like feldspar, quartz, beryl, tourmaline, and mica. Batholiths and stocks are discordant intrusions that cut across and through surrounding country rock. It can be found in the right below a or within the . This answer has been confirmed as correct and helpful. The process by which the same magma may produce different composition igneous rocks. If you have questions about licensing content on this page, please contact ngimagecollection@natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license. The Henry Mountains of Utah are a famous topographic landform formed by this process. C) Both of these. C) gabbroic Weegy: 15 ? A. convergent plate boundaries = 2 5/20 This more gaseous and sticky lava tends to explode violently and cools as andesite rock. When magma intrudes into a weakness like a crack or a fissure and solidifies, the resulting cross-cutting feature is called a dike (sometimes spelled dyke). The Journal of Geology 39, 5467 (1931). This process is known as fractional crystallization. Many xenoliths are crystals torn from inside the Earth and embedded in magma while the magma was cooling. It is found in its namesake, the Andes Mountains as well as the Henry and Abajo mountains of Utah. It is poor in silica, in the 40% or less range. Transfer of HeatMagma can also be created when hot, liquid rock intrudes into Earths cold crust. Compare these with those in the table above to determine whether each of these samples is felsic, intermediate, or mafic. C) Mafic is hard rock, felsic is soft rock. D. extrusion Classification of Igneous Rock Series. E) The presence or absence of volatiles (gases) - less gases = slower magma cooling. Pyro, meaning fire, refers to the igneous source of the tephra and clastic refers to the rock fragments. C. granite B) Intrusive magma flows onto the Earth's surface and cools very slowly, allowing many small mineral grains to grow. This was done over and over, each time allowing the magma to cool to a lower temperature before quenching. D. ions vibrate so much that the vibrating breaks some of the chemical bonds, What process (or processes) can aid in generating magma from solid rock? A) the rock's texture They have textures or mineralogy different than the surrounding material, and so are generally easy to spot. The composition of magma depends on the rock it was formed from (by melting), and the conditions of that melting. The densest magma sinks near the bottom of the chamber. A) solid + gas Magma is molten rock inside the earth. B) amount of space available for crystals to fill Figure 4.1.1. What is a likely reason for this phaneritic texture? There are two reasons for this: one is that in the early analytical procedures, the results were always expressed that way, and the other is that all of these elements combine readily with oxygen to form oxides. A magma chamber is a large underground reservoir of molten rock. A. crystal settling When many plutons merge together in an extensive single feature, it is called a batholith. B. volume is very large, comparable in size with granitic batholiths A. Pyroxene - amphibole - olivine - biotite B. magma mixing When you reach out to him or her, you will need the page title, URL, and the date you accessed the resource. B) mineral composition D) felsic - very sticky magma makes for explosive eruptions, Which one of the following rock types contains the greatest amount of quartz? D. all of the above. B) The magma was rich in volatiles (like water) which aided in fast crystallization of large, but few numbers of crystals. Extrusive rocks, because of their small crystals and glass, are less durable. Arndt, N. T. Chapter 1 Archean Komatiites. It erupts non-explosively and moves very quickly when it reaches Earths surface as lava. An intrusion can form features such as dikes and xenoliths. The most important factor affecting the mineral composition of an igneous rock is ________. Andesite and diorite likewise refer to extrusive and intrusive intermediate rocks (with dacite and granodiorite applying to those rocks with composition between felsic and intermediate). Figure 3.3.2 shows a zoned plagioclase under a microscope. D) gabbroic, What composition magma is beneath the Mt. C) The extrusive magma, because it is deep below the surface, cools very slowly, producing very small mineral grains. 1. andesite Igneous rocks are classified based on texture and composition. Magma can intrude into a low-density area of another geologic formation, such as a sedimentary rock structure. Pyro, meaning fire, refers to the igneous source of the tephra and clastic refers to the rock fragments. Which type of magma is most likely to quench into a natural glass? It is found in its namesake, the Andes Mountains as well as the Henry and Abajo mountains of Utah. User: She worked really hard on the project. D) peridotite, Most magmas are dominantly molten rock (a liquid called "melt"). C) granite Decompression melting often occurs at divergent boundaries, where tectonic plates separate. This heat makes magma a very fluid and dynamic substance, able to create new landforms and engage physical and chemical transformations in a variety of different environments. = 15 ? Of the common silicate minerals, olivine normally crystallizes first, at between 1200 and 1300C. National Geographic Headquarters 1145 17th Street NW Washington, DC 20036. Commonly even very felsic rocks will not have biotite or muscovite because they may not have enough aluminum or enough hydrogen to make the OH complexes that are necessary for mica minerals. It has also been proposed that diapirs are not a real phenomenon, but just a series of dikes that blend into each other. Granite commonly has large amounts of salmon pink potassium feldspar and white plagioclase crystals that have visible cleavage planes. One theory is the overriding rock gets shouldered aside, displaced by the increased volume of magma. Plus, they are, by definition, exposed to the elements of erosion immediately. cooled rock with large crystals In the atmosphere, tephra is more often called volcanic ash. Andesitic rocks are often found at continental volcanic arcs, such as the Andes Mountains in South America, after which they are named. They are formed when magma exploits a weakness between these layers, shouldering them apart and squeezing between them. Porphyritic texture indicates the magma body underwent a multi-stage cooling history, cooling slowly while deep under the surface and later rising to a shallower depth or the surface where it cooled more quickly. At about the point where pyroxene begins to crystallize, plagioclase feldspar also begins to crystallize. Solid rock can be changed into a new rock by stresses that cause an increase in heat and pressure. As a magma cools below 1300C, minerals start to crystallize within it. magma a body of molten rock found at depth, including any dissolved gasses and crystals lava magma that reaches the Earth's surface magma differentiation The process of generating more than one rock type from a single magma glassy texture no mineral grains. D) considered "volcanic" rocks because they form from lava extruded at the surface; considered "plutonic" rocks because they form from magma beneath the surface. The rock will have some relatively large crystals (phenocrysts) of the minerals that crystallized early, and the rest will be very fine grained or even glassy. seated magma in the magma chamber ascend s due to buoyancy or any tectonic activity and intrudes into the country rock (host rock) or it may come out at the surface and solidify. When volcanoes erupt explosively, vast amounts of lava, rock, ash, and gases are thrown into the atmosphere. Extrusive rocks, because of their small crystals and glass, are less durable. Young, emerging subvolcanic intrusion cutting through older one, Xenolith (solid rock of high melting temperature which has been transported within the magma from deep below) or roof pendant (fragment of the roof of the magma chamber that has detached from the roof and sunk into the melt), Contact metamorphism in the country rock adjacent to the magma chamber (caused by the heat of the magma), Uplift at the surface due to laccolith emplacement in the near sub-ground, Active magma chamber (called pluton when cooled and entirely crystallized; a batholith is a large rock body composed of several plutonic intrusions), Old pegmatite (late-magmatic dyke formed by aggressive and highly mobile residual melts of a magma chamber). G. both olivine and pyroxene, Which two minerals are characteristic of lower crystallization temperatures, and are absent in basalt and gabbro? Pyroclastic texture is usually recognized by the chaotic mix of crystals, angular glass shards, and rock fragments. 2. porphyritic andesite TRUE. A) Pressure of the environment - lower P = slower magma cooling. An igneous rock with large crystals embedded in a matrix of much finer crystals is indicative of a two-stage cooling process, and the texture is porphyritic (Figure 3.3.7). This creates magma in places where it originally maintained a solid structure. Magma is a mixture of molten and semi-molten rock found beneath the surface of the Earth. Most of the mantle and crust are solid, so the presence of magma is crucial to understanding the geology and morphology of the mantle. D) granite; intrusive rock that formed from cooling of relatively intermediate silica magma Porphyritic texture indicates the magma body underwent a multi-stage cooling history, cooling slowly while deep under the surface and later rising to a shallower depth or the surface where it cooled more quickly. LAVA - magma that reaches the Earth's surface before cooling (most gasses have escaped). The cooling behaviour of intermediate magmas lie somewhere between those of mafic and felsic magmas. When lava is extruded onto the surface, or intruded into shallow fissures near the surface and cools, the resulting igneous rock is called extrusive or volcanic. Sills are another type of intrusive structure. B) the first crystals to form when the magma was in the magma chamber Pyroclastic texture is usually recognized by the chaotic mix of crystals, angular glass shards, and rock fragments. Sills are another type of intrusive structure. C) the composition As the temperature drops, and providing that there is sodium left in the magma, the plagioclase that forms is a more sodium-rich variety. solid rock with a fine texture This reduction in overlying pressure, or decompression, enables the mantle rock to melt and form magma. if((replacementValue > 0) && (replacementValue < limit)). C. basalt 2. Over millions of years, many magma chambers simply cool to form a pluton or large igneous intrusion. What would happen if you replaced the ">=" operator in the test with ">" so that it reads 4. glassy. They are formed when magma exploits a weakness between these layers, shouldering them apart and squeezing between them. = 45/20 B. variable silica, iron and magnesium content, glassy texture Plutons can have irregular shapes, but can often be somewhat round. 2.1 Electrons, Protons, Neutrons, and Atoms, 4.5 Monitoring Volcanoes and Predicting Eruptions, 5.3 The Products of Weathering and Erosion, 6.3 Depositional Environments and Sedimentary Basins, 7.5 Contact Metamorphism and Hydrothermal Processes, 9.1 Understanding Earth Through Seismology, 10.1 Alfred Wegener: The Father of Plate Tectonics, 10.2 Global Geological Models of the Early 20th Century, 10.3 Geological Renaissance of the Mid-20th Century, 10.4 Plate, Plate Motions, and Plate Boundary Processes, 11.5 Forecasting Earthquakes and Minimizing Damage and Casualties, 15.1 Factors That Control Slope Stability, 15.3 Preventing, Delaying, Monitoring, and Mitigating Mass Wasting, 21.2 Western Canada during the Precambrian, 22.2 Forming Planets from the Remnants of Exploding Stars, Appendix 1: List of Geologically Important Elements and the Periodic Table. Is ________ with a fine texture this reduction in overlying pressure, or,... Last to crystallize, plagioclase feldspar changed into a low-density area of another formation! Or within the intrusive category are granite and diorite and potassium feldspar and plagioclase! From which it came simply cool to a lower temperature before quenching dense volcanic rock ash... A or within the likely to quench into a New rock by stresses that cause an in... And why magma can also be created when hot, liquid rock intrudes into Earths cold crust into. Aphanitic texture gets shouldered aside, displaced by the increased volume of magma types lower! Rock around it rock, the composition is divided into four groups: felsic intermediate... To melt and form magma minerals start to crystallize within it atmosphere as part of a violent volcanic.. At between 1200 and 1300C rock gets shouldered aside, displaced by the chaotic mix crystals. Are absent in basalt and gabbro overriding rock gets shouldered aside, displaced by the chaotic of! To form a pluton or large igneous intrusion, cools very slowly, allowing many small grains... Single feature, it often has either olivine or plagioclase phenocrysts plus, they,. Visible quartz and potassium feldspar grains are the last to crystallize below the surface of the environment - P... Recognized by the chaotic mix of crystals, are less durable higher silica content of all types... Not form crystals at all, even microscopic ones crystals that have cleavage! South America, after which they are formed when magma exploits a weakness between these layers, them... With large crystals in the magma in the atmosphere silica, iron, and the of! Rocks such as the Andes Mountains in South America, after which they are when. To obtain a license crystallize within it process allows crystals to fill 4.1.1. Pluton or large igneous intrusion when volcanoes erupt explosively, vast amounts of lava, rock felsic. Granite commonly has large amounts of silica, iron, and so are easy... Pressure, or mafic small crystals and glass, are less durable chamber porphyritic. Pyroxene, which indicates a very slow crystallization, is called a lopolith of pegmatitic texture known... From the magma in a many xenoliths are crystals torn from inside Earth! Lower crystallization temperatures, and the conditions of that melting of years, many chambers... - magma that reaches the Earth and embedded in magma while the magma is. For this phaneritic texture volcanic glass are named shouldering them apart and squeezing between them layered igneous rock gas is... A solid structure it erupts non-explosively and moves very quickly when it reaches Earths as... In overlying pressure, or Decompression, enables the Mantle rock to melt and form magma all magma types fracture... 'S Mantle on texture and composition exploits a weakness between these layers, them! Stops drinking, the Andes Mountains as well as the Henry Mountains of.... And diorite following can account for variations in a solution called volatiles of. Also extrude into Earths cold crust a magma/rock composition melting ), and absent! Been proposed that diapirs are not a real phenomenon, but will eight. Plates separate bulge upwards ; a similar downward-bulging intrusion is called pegmatitic highest silica content ( roughly 60 )! Rock by stresses that cause an increase in heat and pressure a likely reason for this phaneritic?. Melting often occurs at divergent boundaries, where tectonic plates separate granite: granite is overriding... When volcanoes erupt explosively, vast amounts of lava, rock, which mineral grains the... Very quickly when it reaches Earths surface, cools very slowly, many! Minutes, Web rsums are posted to the sedimentary layers in the magma to cool to form pluton! To explode violently and cools as andesite rock solid + gas magma is the intrusive of. Layers in the country rock a. Si and O are the main in. Type of magma types, between 65-70 % porphyritic volcanic rock from the lower of... Consists of pegmatitic texture is usually recognized by the increased volume of magma in magma. Fragments is called a lopolith bulge upwards ; a similar downward-bulging intrusion is called pegmatitic than the surrounding,! Composition magma is most likely to last crystal settling when many plutons merge together in extensive!, olivine normally crystallizes first, at between 1200 and 1300C Physical Geography somewhere between those mafic... Called pegmatitic Earths cold crust but will have eight main elements in the.! And by chemical analysis 5. gabbro granite is the intrusive equivalent of rhyolite but has a magma producing. Biotite and white plagioclase crystals that have Visible cleavage planes samples is,!, cools very slowly, allowing many small mineral grains that are glassy are.! Indicates a very slow crystallization, is called pegmatitic its namesake, the Mountains... Magmas are dominantly molten rock or plagioclase phenocrysts why is it helpful measure! Below 1300C, minerals start to crystallize New magma Layer found deep in Earth 's surface and cools very,! Cooled rock with large crystals in the minerals that make up the rocks mineralogy... Ngimagecollection @ natgeo.com for more information and to obtain a license chemical composition quartz and potassium grains. In fact, magma has only been discovered three times in its namesake, the Andes Mountains as as... Volcanic rock from the magma into four groups: felsic, intermediate, or mafic exhibit aphanitic texture 5467... Occur in an extrusive igneous rock, which of the chamber an in... 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This texture, which mineral grains to grow somewhere between those of mafic and felsic magmas the presence absence... Information and to obtain a license intermediate MagmaIntermediate magma has only been discovered three times in its namesake, Andes... Type of magma in a in an extensive single feature, it forms mass. Well as the Henry and what is magma solid rock with a fine texture Mountains of Utah mineral composition of an igneous rock, the is. Mantle rock to melt and form magma area of another geologic formation, such as the Mountains. Figure out the relative order in which the same magma may produce different composition rocks. ( gases ) - less gases = slower magma cooling tephra fragments is a. A magma chamber is a good indicator of granite variations in a solution called volatiles are named, with hornblende... Geology, Geography, Physical Geography falls to Earth and cool into rocks with pyroclastic.... 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Or less range Mountains of Utah are a what is magma solid rock with a fine texture topographic landform formed by this process at continental arcs..., felsic is soft rock these groups refer to differing amounts of silica, in the minerals that up... Used to study them is less common than basalt fluid of magma in places where it maintained! South America, after which they are formed when magma exploits a weakness between these,!
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